Effect of Irrigation on Sugarcane Morphophysiology in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Since sugarcane is semi-perennial, it has no escape from water stresses in the Brazilian Cerrado, and consequently, drought impacts plant growth and industrial quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiology and quality of the first ratoon of two sugarcane varieties submitted to irrigated and stressed treatments under field conditions. For the biometric characteristics, in general, significant decreases were observed under the stressed treatment for all periods, and only minor differences were detected between the studied cultivars. Physiological parameters decreased under stressed conditions, but to a different extent between the varieties. RB855536 was able to maintain a greater rate of transpiration. Productivity was reduced by 103 t ha-1 for variety RB855536 and 121 t ha-1 for RB867515, compared to plants with full irrigation during the dry period, but cane quality was similar in both genotypes. Measurements of physiological and morphological parameters may prove useful in the rapid identification of genotypes with greater tolerance to abiotic stress.

Dynamics of Carbon and Soil Enzyme Activities under Arabica Coffee Intercropped with Brachiaria decumbens in the Brazilian Cerrado.

The change in land use in the Brazilian Cerrado modifies the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) and, consequently, carbon (C) stocks and their fractions and soil enzyme activities. This study evaluated the effect of brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) intercropped with Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) on the stock and fractions of soil carbon and enzyme activities. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications and treatments in a factorial design. The first factor consisted of coffee with or without intercropped brachiaria, the second of Arabica coffee cultivars ('I.P.R.103' and 'I.P.R.99') and the third factor of the point of soil sampling (under the canopy (UC) and in inter-rows (I)). Soil was sampled in layers of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm. Soil from the 0-10 cm layer was also used to analyze enzymatic activity. Significant effects of coffee intercropped with brachiaria were confirmed for particulate organic carbon (POC), with highest contents in the 0-10 and 20-30 cm layers (9.62 and 6.48 g kg-1, respectively), and for soil enzymes (280.83 and 180.3 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 for arylsulfatase and ß-glucosidase, respectively).

Understanding the Relations between Soil Biochemical Properties and N2O Emissions in a Long-Term Integrated Crop-Livestock System.

Edaphoclimatic conditions influence nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural systems where soil biochemical properties play a key role. This study addressed cumulative N2O emissions and their relations with soil biochemical properties in a long-term experiment (26 years) with integrated crop-livestock farming systems fertilized with two P and K rates. The farming systems consisted of continuous crops fertilized with half of the recommended P and K rates (CCF1), continuous crops at the recommended P and K rates (CCF2), an integrated crop-livestock system with half of the recommended P and K rates (ICLF1), and an integrated crop-livestock at the recommended P and K rates (ICLF2). The ICLF2 may have promoted the greatest entry of carbon into the soil and positively influenced the soil's biochemical properties. Total carbon (TC) was highest in ICLF2 in both growing seasons. The particulate and mineral-associated fractions in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and the microbial biomass fraction in the two growing seasons were also very high. Acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase in ICLF1 and ICLF2 were highest in 2016. The soil properties correlated with cumulative N2O emissions were TC, total nitrogen (TN), particulate nitrogen (PN), available nitrogen (AN), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The results indicated that ICLF2 induces an accumulation of more stable organic matter (OM) fractions that are unavailable to the microbiota in the short term and result in lower N2O emissions.

Use of Trichoderma in the Production of Forest Seedlings.

Forest production has great relevance in the Brazilian economy, characterized by several production sectors, including the production of seedlings. With the focus on maximizing the capacity of survival, development, and adaptation of seedlings, Trichoderma is highlighted as a potentially useful genus of microorganisms for promoting growth and higher product quality. In this sense, this review aims to describe the main mechanisms of fungi action in forest seedlings' production. The different species of the genus Trichoderma have specific mechanisms of action, and the current scenario points to more advances in the number of species. The interaction process mediated by different mechanisms of action begins in the communication with plants, from the colonization process. After the interaction, chemical dialogues allow the plant to develop better because, from colonization, the forest seedlings can maximize height and increase shoot and root development. Fungi promote solubilization and availability of nutrients to seedlings, which show numerous benefits to the development. The use of beneficial microorganisms, such as fungi of the genus Trichoderma, has become a sustainable strategy to enhance seedling development, reducing the use of agrochemicals and industrial fertilizers.

Water Stress Alters Physiological, Spectral, and Agronomic Indexes of Wheat Genotypes.

Selecting drought-tolerant and more water-efficient wheat genotypes is a research priority, specifically in regions with irregular rainfall or areas where climate change is expected to result in reduced water availability. The objective of this work was to use high-throughput measurements with morphophysiological traits to characterize wheat genotypes in relation to water stress. Field experiments were conducted from May to September 2018 and 2019, using a sprinkler bar irrigation system to control water availability to eighteen wheat genotypes: BRS 254; BRS 264; CPAC 01019; CPAC 01047; CPAC 07258; CPAC 08318; CPAC 9110; BRS 394 (irrigated biotypes), and Aliança; BR 18_Terena; BRS 404; MGS Brilhante; PF 020037; PF 020062; PF 120337; PF 100368; PF 080492; and TBIO Sintonia (rainfed biotypes). The water regimes varied from 22 to 100% of the crop evapotranspiration replacement. Water stress negatively affected gas exchange, vegetation indices, and grain yield. High throughput variables TCARI, NDVI, OSAVI, SAVI, PRI, NDRE, and GNDVI had higher yield and morphophysiological measurement correlations. The drought resistance index indicated that genotypes Aliança, BRS 254, BRS 404, CPAC 01019, PF 020062, and PF 080492 were more drought tolerant.

Soil Carbon Stocks and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation of Agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado-A Review.

New agricultural practices and land-use intensification in the Cerrado biome have affected the soil carbon stocks. A major part of the native vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrado, a tropical savanna-like ecoregion, has been replaced by crops, which has caused changes in the soil carbon (C) stocks. To ensure the sustainability of this intensified agricultural production, actions have been taken to increase soil C stocks and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In the last two decades, new agricultural practices have been adopted in the Cerrado region, and their impact on C stocks needs to be better understood. This subject has been addressed in a systematic review of the existing data in the literature, consisting of 63 articles from the Scopus database. Our review showed that the replacement of Cerrado vegetation by crop species decreased the original soil C stocks (depth 0-30 cm) by 73%, with a peak loss of 61.14 Mg ha-1. However, when analyzing the 0-100 cm layer, 52.4% of the C stock data were higher under cultivated areas than in native Cerrado soils, with a peak gain of 93.6 Mg ha-1. The agricultural practices implemented in the Brazilian Cerrado make low-carbon agriculture in this biome possible.

Use of Thermography to Evaluate Alternative Crops for Off-Season in the Cerrado Region.

Future predictions due to climate change are of decreases in rainfall and longer drought periods. The search for new tolerant crops is an important strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water stress on the physiology and productivity of crops with potential for growing in the off-season period in the Cerrado, and evaluate correlations with the temperature of the canopy obtained by means of thermography. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, with experimental design in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme and four replications. The plots were: common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus); quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa); and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). The subplots were composed of four water regimes: maximum water regime (WR 535 mm), high-availability regime (WR 410 mm), off-season water regime (WR 304 mm) and severe water regime (WR 187 mm). Under WR 304 mm, the internal concentration of CO2 and photosynthesis were reduced by less than 10% in amaranth. Common bean and buckwheat reduced 85% in photosynthesis. The reduction in water availability increased the canopy temperature in the four crops and, in general, common bean was the most sensitive species, while quinoa had the lowest canopy temperatures. Furthermore, canopy temperature correlated negatively with grain yield, biomass yield and gas exchange across all plant species, thus thermal imaging of the canopy represents a promising tool for monitoring crop productivity for farmers, For the identification of crops with high water use management for research.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil using cover crops with and without nitrogen addition.

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin content in soil under different cover crops with and without the application of nitrogen in the cover. The following cover plants were used: Crotalaria juncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), wild beans from Ceará (Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth.), Guandú 'BRS mandarin' [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], millet 'BR05' [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] and sorghum 'BR 304' [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The absolute control of the experiment was the treatment without the use of cover crops, that is, the vegetation of spontaneous occurrence in the area. The experimental design was randomized blocks in subplots with three replications. Spore density, mycorrhizal colonization rate, easily extractable glomalin, and species present in the rhizosphere of the cover crops were determined. No differences were found in the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with the different cover crops studied or in the values of spore density, root colonization, or glomalin content. Nitrogen application did not influence the mycorrhizal activity in the investigated cover crops. The most frequent species associated with cover crops were Scutellospora pellucida and Scutellospora persica in C. juncea; Gigaspora sp. on Sorghum; Glomus macrocarpum in Guandu; G. macrocarpum and Glomus clavisporum in millet; and Glomus microaggregatum and Glomus tortuosum in Spontaneous Vegetation.

Physiological Changes of Arabica Coffee under Different Intensities and Durations of Water Stress in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Coffee farmers have faced problems due to drought periods, with irrigation being necessary. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the responses to different levels and durations of water deficit in arabica coffee genotypes in the Cerrado region. The experiment consisted of three Coffea arabica genotypes and five water regimes: full irrigation (FI 100 and FI 50-full irrigation with 100% and 50% replacement of evapotranspiration, respectively), water deficit (WD 100 and WD 50-water deficit from June to September, with 100% and 50% replacement of evapotranspiration, respectively) and rainfed (without irrigation). The variables evaluated were gas exchange, relative water content (RWC) and productivity. The results showed that during stress, plants under the FI water regime showed higher gas exchange and RWC, differently from what occurred in the WD and rainfed treatments; however, after irrigation, coffee plants under WDs regained their photosynthetic potential. Rainfed and WD 50 plants had more than 50% reduction in RWC compared to FIs. The Iapar 59 cultivar was the most productive genotype and the E237 the lowest. Most importantly, under rainfed conditions, the plants showed lower physiological and productive potential, indicating the importance of irrigation in Coffea arabica in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Water Stress Alters Morphophysiological, Grain Quality and Vegetation Indices of Soybean Cultivars.

Rainfall is among the climatic factors that most affect production, as in the Brazilian Cerrado. Non-destructive and automated phenotyping methods are fast and efficient for genotype selection. The objective of this work was to evaluate, under field conditions, the morphophysiological changes, yield, and grain quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under water stress in the Brazilian Cerrado. The plots comprised six soybean cultivars and the subplots of four water regimes, corresponding to 31, 44, 64 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration replacement. The experiments were conducted from May to September 2018 and 2019. An irrigation system with a bar of sprinklers with different flow rates was used. Gas exchange, vegetation indices (measured using a hyperspectral sensor embedded in a drone), yield and grain quality were evaluated. Water stress had different effects on gas exchange, vegetation indices, grain yield and chemical composition among the cultivars. Embrapa cultivar BRS 7280 Roundup ready (RR) and Nidera cultivar NA 5909 RG (glyphosate resistant) are yield stable and have a greater tolerance to drought. BRS 7280RR showed a higher tolerance to drought and higher water use efficiency (WUE) than all other tested cultivars. Vegetation indices, such as the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), correlated with the morphophysiological traits, such as plant height, were the most responsive variables to water stress. The NDVI can be used to predict soybean yield as a tool in a selection program under drought.

Biochar increases soil carbon pools: Evidence from a global meta-analysis.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material that increases soil C sequestration and mitigates climate change. However, due to the variability of experimental conditions, types of biochar and soil, the influence of biochar on the accumulation of different soil carbon fractions remains unclear. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed that included 586 paired comparisons obtained from 169 studies conducted in various countries around the globe. The data set average showed significant relative increases of 64.3, 84.3, 20.1, 22.9 and 42.1% for total C, organic C, microbial biomass C, labile C and fulvic acid, respectively. The dissolved organic C, humic acid and humin fractions showed no significant variations. The relative increase in TC was favored by increasing biochar rates applied to fine-textured soils with low C content in temperate climate regions seen through short-term experiments conducted under controlled conditions. This behavior was different for each soil C fraction. Therefore, variations between experimental conditions, types of biochar and soil show that it is necessary to consider multiple factors when choosing the conditions of biochar use to maximize C sequestration in the soil and/or the increase of labile C fractions in the soil.

A scoping review on biochar-based fertilizers: enrichment techniques and agro-environmental application.

Biochar is a carbonized biomass that can be used as a soil amendment. However, the exclusive use of biochar may present some limitations, such as the lack of nutrients. Thus, biochar enrichment techniques have made it possible to obtain biochar-based fertilizers (BCFs), with great potential to improve soil fertility. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of information about the description, advantages, and limitations of the methods used for biochar enrichment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the production methods of enriched biochar and its performance in agriculture as a soil amendment. Studies demonstrate that the application of BCF is more effective in improving soil properties and crop yields than the exclusive application of pure biochar or other fertilizers. The post-pyrolysis method is the most used technique for enriching biochar. Future studies should focus on understanding the mechanisms of the long-term application of BCFs.

Quinoa for the Brazilian Cerrado: Agronomic Characteristics of Elite Genotypes under Different Water Regimes.

Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons.

Seasonal Variation of Plant Mineral Nutrition in Fruit Trees

Abstract This research evaluated the monthly variation of plant mineral nutrition in six species of fruit trees over a year. Leaf samples were taken from the fruit trees and nutritional status (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo) was determined in the leaves in a month basis from April until November for apple, persimmon and peach. Mandarin mineral nutrition was monitored for one year, and grape and fig from May to November. Using this data, the Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was also calculated to evaluate the nutrient balance in the plants. The concentration of N and P had seasonal differences, especially in apple and peach, which reached the peak during the summer. Apple, fig, and grape trees had large ranging on their mineral contents over the year, especially with the P and K levels reaching the minimum during the harvesting season. However, the seasonal changes in leaf micronutrient concentrations were not uniform and not affected by phenological stage. The DRIS data demonstrated that mandarin had the best nutrient balance compared to others and that K was the most limiting element among the fruit trees. In summary, the current data suggest the occurrence of a significant seasonality in mineral nutrition in these six fruit trees, especially in temperate ones.

Maize Productivity, Mycorrhizal Assessment, Chemical and Microbiological Soil Attributes Influenced by Maize-Forage Grasses Intercropping

Abstract Mycorrhizae are important components of agroecosystems and the diversification of crops stimulates the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the participation of symbiosis in plant growth. This experiment examined mycorrhizal assessment, chemical and microbiological soil attributes in a maize-forage grasses intercropping compared to a maize-monocropping system. A complete randomized block design was used with crop systems installed under no-till management with three replicates, as follow: Maize (Zea mays L.); Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Aruana; Urochloa humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt.; Maize-P. maximum intercropping and Maize-U. humidicola intercropping. In 2015/2016 season, intercropping maize with Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Aruana or Urochloa humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt. promoted similar effects (Tukey test, p<0.05) to monocropped maize under no-till system on soil chemical and biochemical parameters related to carbon cycling in the soil surface layer, as well as the dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tropical soils, managed for a period of more than six years. Similar grain yield was verified among maize crop systems. This result indicates that intercropping maize-tropical forage grasses represents an alternative for monocropped grains, a very common practice that is used in intensive management, being able to guarantee equivalent productivities and to combine grain production with crop-livestock systems. As a result, intercropping promotes the diversification of the property's income source, adding environmental gains, such as more efficient land use by cultivated plants, keeping soil constantly cultivated, storing carbon and contributing to minimize the impact of climate change on agricultural systems and the sustainability of food production.

Remoção de matéria orgânica do esgoto em solo de wetland construído / Removal of organic matter fraction from sewage in constructed wetland soil

RESUMO Nos sistemas wetlands construídos os meios suportes tradicionalmente utilizados são areia grossa, cascalho, pedregulho e brita. Nesta pesquisa, foi utilizado o solo natural (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) misturado com areia média, plantado (wetlands construídos) com arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) ou não (controles). O objetivo foi avaliar a remoção de DBO dos esgotos domésticos pelos processos de imobilização do carbono da biomassa microbiana e da respiração basal (atividade microbiana). Foram utilizados três sistemas operando com taxas de aplicação hidráulica de 4, 8 e 15 cm.d1. Cada sistema apresentava três unidades wetlands construídos e três controles, as quais eram alimentadas com esgotos para tratamento, por fluxo vertical em regime não saturado, nas segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras, ficando os outros dias em descanso para aeração do solo. Os resultados mostraram que os solos foram capazes de reduzir as concentrações de DBO afluentes significativamente, com eficiência de remoção variando entre 97 e 99%. A remoção se deu pela mineralização da matéria orgânica e seu acúmulo no solo. Durante o início da aplicação do esgoto, houve inicialmente uma redução nos teores de matéria orgânica nativa do solo que passaram a aumentar paulatinamente com a aplicação dos esgotos. A atividade dos microrganismos decompositores aumentou proporcionalmente à taxa de aplicação de esgoto, porém taxas elevadas indicaram uma tendência à inibição dessa atividade. Nos solos das unidades controles, houve menores perdas de CO2 para a atmosfera, indicando uma maior imobilização do carbono nos solos.

ABSTRACT On constructed wetlands systems, the support media usually used are coarse sand, gravel, crushed stone and gravel. In this research, we used the natural soil (Oxisol) mixed with medium sand, planted with rice (Oryza sativa L .) and a control without plants. The objective was to evaluate the BOD removal through the immobilization of microbial biomass, basal respiration (microbial activity) and total organic carbon of the soil. We used three systems, operating with hydraulic application rates of 4, 8 e 15 cm.d-1. Each system had three units constructed wetlands and three controls, which were fed with sewage, with vertical flow unsaturated conditions, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, leaving the system with no feed on the rest of the days, for soil aeration. The results showed the soils were able to reduce significantly the BOD concentration, with removal efficiency ranging between 97 and 99%. The removal was due to the mineralization of organic matter and its accumulation in the soil. During the system start up operation, there was reduction in native soil organic matter, which started to increase gradually by the sewage application. The activity of microbial decomposers increased proportionally to the rate of sewage application, but high rates showed a trend to inhibition of this activity. In soils units controls showed minor loss of CO2 to the atmosphere, indicating a higher carbon immobilization in soils.

Impact of sugarcane cultivation on the biological attributes of an oxisol in the brazilian savannah / Impacto do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar nos atributos biológicos em latossolo no cerrado brasileiro

Sugarcane is fundamental for the energy matrix in Brazil. The evaluation of biochemical attributes in different sugarcane production systems provides information on their environmental sustainability. Altogether, soil biochemical attributes are considered very sensitive indicators of changes in soil properties and of alterations caused by soil management and land-use systems. The aim of this work was to study the effect of organic and conventional sugarcane cultivation systems on microbial soil properties. Changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) microbial and microbial activity were evaluated in a Cerrado Oxisol in the state of Goiás, Brazil, cultivated with sugarcane in three different production systems: organic (Organic Cane - OC), conventional with burning (Burned Cane - BC), and conventional without burning (Raw Cane - RC). The native Cerrado (NC) and other cultivated pasture (PT) were used as references. The soil samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons from two depths: 0-10 and 10-20 cm. The chronological order of the implementation of the land-use (NC, PT and sugarcane) and cultivation (RC, BC, OC) systems were: NC, PT, RC/BC, OC. The microbial biomass C (CSMB), microbial biomass N (NSMB), basal respiration (Br), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and the CSMB/Corg, NSMB/Ntotal and CSMB/NSMB ratios were determined. The different land-use and cultivation systems influenced microbial biomass and activity. The replacement of conventional tillage for organic system recovered CSMB and NSMB levels and improved recycling of nutrients in the microbial biomass (NSMB/Ntotal). The conventional tillage system with burning (BC) was less efficient in use of energy and carbon (high qCO2), resulting in a loss of C-CO2 to the atmosphere.

A cana-de-açúcar é de suma importância na matriz energética brasileira. A avaliação dos atributos bioquímicos do solo nos diferentes sistemas de produção da cana-de-açúcar fornece informações sobre a sustentabilidade ambiental destes sistemas de produção. Os atributos bioquímicos do solo são considerados indicadores muito sensíveis às alterações causadas nas propriedades do solo, em função do manejo nos diferentes sistemas de produção agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do cultivo de cana-de-açúcar em sistema orgânico e convencional nas propriedades microbiológicas do solo. As alterações no carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) microbiano e na atividade microbiana foram avaliadas em um Latossolo Vermelho sob Cerrado no estado de Goiás, Brasil, cultivado com cana-de-açúcar em três diferentes sistemas de produção: cultivo orgânico (CO), convencional com queima (CQ) e cultivo convencional sem queima da palhada e cana crua (CC). Uma área de cerrado nativo (CN) e outra cultivada com pastagem (PT) foram usadas como referências. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em duas épocas: seca e chuvosa; e em duas profundidades: 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm. A ordem cronológica de implementação do uso da terra foram: CN, PT e cana-de-açúcar; os sistemas de cultivo foram: CN, PT, CC/CQ, OC. O carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (CBMS), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana do solo (NBMS), respiração basal (Rb), quociente metabólico (qCO2) e as razões CBMS/Corg e NBMS/NTotal foram determinados. Os diferentes sistemas de produção da cana-de-açúcar alteraram a biomassa e a atividade microbiana. A substituição do sistema de cultivo convencional pelo sistema de cultivo orgânico recuperou os teores de CBMS e NBMS e melhorou a reciclagem de nutrientes na biomassa microbiana (NBMS/NTotal). O sistema de cultivo convencional com queima (CQ) foi o menos eficiente na utilização do carbono como energia (alto qCO2), resultando em perdas de C-CO2 para a atmosfera.

Alterações microbianas e químicas de um gleissolo sob macaubeiras nativas em função da variação sazonal e espacial / Microbial and chamical changes in gleysol under native macauba palms by the spatial and seasonal variations

A macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é uma alternativa para a produção de biodiesel e, consorciada com pastagem, pode auxiliar na recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações nos atributos microbiológicos, na matéria orgânica e no N total do solo, em função da variação sazonal e espacial em um Gleissolo sob maciço de macaubeiras nativas, no Cerrado. O estudo observacional foi realizado na região de Planaltina de Goiás, na Fazenda Agropecuária Santa Fé. Foram selecionadas dez árvores em uma mata com macaubeiras nativas no bioma cerrado. A coleta de solo foi realizada na camada de 0 a 10 centímetros de profundidade, sob uma linha horizontal, imaginária, traçada a partir da base do caule das macaubeiras. As amostras de solo foram coletadas a 50, 150 e 250 centímetros de distância do caule da palmeira, durante o verão chuvoso (março de 2010) e inverno seco (julho 2010). Para a avaliação estatística das variáveis observadas, utilizou-se um modelo misto. As médias das variáveis observadas foram submetidas a testes para verificar se seguiam a distribuição normal, e a homogeneidade de variâncias. Em seguida, os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t. Os atributos carbono microbiano (Cmic), respiração basal (RB), quociente metabólico (qCO2), a matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e a relação C/N do solo são sensíveis à variação sazonal e espacial em mata de macaubeiras no Cerrado. O nitrogênio total (NT) foi sensível à variação espacial. A microbiota presente no solo sob macaubal se manteve mais equilibrada durante o período seco, apresentando maiores teores de carbono microbiano e quociente microbiano e menor quociente metabólico e relação C/N do solo.

Macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is an alternative for biodiesel production and intercropped with pastures, can be used to recover degraded areas. The aim of this paper was to study the alterations of microbial and soil organic matter and total N, in function of sazonal and spatial variation of a Gleysol, under native macauba palms (Acrocomia aculeata). This observational study took place in Santa Fe Agropecuaria farm, in the region of Planaltina de Goias, State of Goias. Ten trees were selected from a native forest containing macauba palms. Soil samples were then taken at a depth of 0 - 10 cm from a horizontal imaginary line, drawn from the macauba`s palm trunk. Soil samples were taken from a 50, 150 and 250 cm distance from the trunk, during the wet summer (March, 2010) and the dry winter (July, 2010). The mixed model was used in order to evaluate the observational study. The observational means were submitted to testing to evaluate if their values followed a normal distribution and to test homogeneity of variance. Subsequently, data were submitted to the F-test and the means were compared using the t-test. The Cmic, RB, qCO2 and the MO and soil C/N have been found to be sensitive to seasonal and spatial variation in the native forest of macauba palms, in the Cerrado. The NT showed to be sensitive to spatial variation. The microbiota present in the soil under macauba palms was more efficient and maintained a higher equilibrium during the dry winter, presenting higher values of Cmic and Cmic:Corg, and lower values of qCO2 and soil C/N ratio.

Indicadores microbiológicos do solo sob influência do cultivo de trigo com duplo propósito / Soil microbiological indicator influenced by dual purpose wheat system

O Trigo de Duplo Propósito (TDP) é um sistema de cultivo em que se utilizam cultivares para a produção de grãos e forragem, esta destinada ao consumo animal. Este sistema pode exercer grande influência na dinâmica e atividade microbiana do solo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema de manejo (com e sem cortes e do número de cortes, 1 ou 2 cortes) de quatro cultivares de trigo para duplo propósito, nos atributos microbiológicos do solo em Planaltina, Distrito Federal. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, onde os cultivares de trigo (Frontana, BH 1146, BRS 264 e Aliança) foram alocados nas parcelas experimentais. Os cortes foram feitos após o primeiro ciclo de crescimento e foram as subparcelas. O cultivar Frontana proporcionou os maiores teores de carbono orgânico total (COT), de nitrogênio total (Ntotal) e da biomassa microbiana (N-BMS). Os maiores valores na relação N-BMS/Ntotal foram observados nos cultivares Frontana, Aliança e BRS 264. O corte estabelecido nos cultivares Frontana e Aliança provocou redução da respiração basal (RB) do solo, assim como do carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (C-BMS) no trigo Aliança. O C-CBMS aumentou com o efeito do manejo do corte no cultivar BH 1146. O corte também provocou aumento nos percentuais do quociente microbiano (qMIC), nos cultivares Frontana e BH1146, enquanto que nos demais cultivares, houve um efeito oposto.

Dual purpose wheat (DPW) is a cultivation system which cultivars are utilized for grain and forage production and this last one is used for animal consumption. This system production can greatly influence the dynamics and soil microbial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of management system (with or without cuts1 or 2 cuts and the number of cuts, 1 or 2) of four wheat cultivars for dual purpose on soil microbiological attributes in Planaltina, Distrito Federal). The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plot, with six replicates where wheat cultivars were planted on experimental plots (Frontana, BH 1146, BRS 264 and Aliança). The cuts were made after the first growing cycle and were the subplots. Frontana was the wheat cultivar with the highest levels of total organic carbon content (TOC), total N and nitrogen microbial biomass (N-NMB). The relation NMB/total N showed higher values on Frontana, Aliança and BRS 264. The cut made on Frontana and Aliança cultivars caused reduction in soil basal respiration (BR) and the soil microbial carbon biomass (C-MBC) in wheat Aliança. The C-MBC increase with the effect of cutting management on BH1146 and also promoted an increase im percentage of microbial quotient on Frontana and BH146, where as in the other cultivars, there was an opposite effect.

Efeito da densidade de semeadura e doses de nitrogênio sobre a produtividade e biometria de amaranto, no cerrado do planalto central / Effect of different sowing densities and nitrogen doses in grain yield and biometry of amatanth, at savannah in central

O amaranto é uma granífera com características de crescimento, estabelecimento e produção promissoras e com grande potencial para um aumento do seu cultivo. Porém, devido à lacuna de informações acerca do manejo para sua produção comercial, observa-se a inexistência de um modelo de densidade de semeadura e dose de nitrogênio ótimo para o Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de quatro densidades de semeadura, e quatro doses de nitrogênio, com quatro repetições, no plantio de safra no cerrado, na produtividade e em variáveis biométricas de amaranto. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial, 4x4 (quatro densidades de semeadura, 25, 12, 8 e 6 plantas m-1 e quatro doses de N, 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-¹), com quatro repetições. Determinaram-se os pesos de matéria seca, de panícula e de grãos, altura de plantas, diâmetro de caule e comprimento e largura de panícula. Todos os parâmetros, com exceção da largura de panícula, apresentaram interação entre a densidade de plantio x doses de N significante. Níveis crescentes de N, até a dose de 150 kg ha-¹, no geral em todas as densidades, produzem resposta linear no rendimento de grãos de amaranto.

The Amaranth is a gratifier with growth characteristics, establishment and production with great promise and potential for an increase in its cultivation. However, due to the lack of information about management for commercial production, there is the lack of a standard planting density and optimum dose of nitrogen to Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of planting density and nitrogen doses at productivity and biometric variables Amaranth. The experiment had the experimental design was randomized block s with factorial design 4x4 (four seeding, 25, 12, 8 and 6 plants per meter and four doses of N, 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), with four replicates. For the analysis were determined: dry weights, and grain panicle, plant height, stem diameter and panicle length and width. All parameters, except the width of the panicle showed interaction between planting density x N rates significantly. Increasing levels of N up to a dose of 150 kg ha-1, in general, for all densities, produced a linear response in yield of amaranth.